While the intriguing mysteries of the Inca Empire have enchanted historians and explorers for centuries, it wasn't until 1911 that American archeologist Hiram Bingham brought the "Lost City" of Machu Picchu to the world's attention. Celebrating the 112th anniversary of this fascinating discovery today, on July 24, this blog post aims to shed light on Bingham's voyage, the unveiling of Machu Picchu, and its historical significance. This awe-inspiring tale is one that continues to mesmerize explorers, history enthusiasts, and wanderlust-driven travelers around the world.
Born on November 19, 1875, in Honolulu, Hawaii, Hiram Bingham III was a scholar, explorer, and later a politician who served as a governor and U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bingham had a fervent passion for history, particularly the lost Inca civilization, which led him to venture into the rugged Andean terrains of Peru in search of the last Incan stronghold, Vilcabamba, also known as the "Lost City of the Incas." [1]
On July 24, 1911, guided by local indigenous Quechua people, Bingham stumbled upon an overgrown, forgotten site that would later be known as Machu Picchu, a Quechua term meaning "Old Peak" or "Old Mountain." This extraordinary site was nestled on a steep ridge, 2,430 meters above sea level, in the tropical cloud forest, offering panoramic views of the surrounding mountainous terrain. [2]
What Bingham had discovered was a remarkably preserved urban settlement sprawling over 32,592 hectares, complete with terraces for agriculture, residential neighborhoods, plazas, religious structures, and royal quarters. The site demonstrated the exceptional architectural and engineering skills of its ancient Incan creators, with complex water management systems and building constructions that were harmoniously integrated into the stunning natural landscape. [3]
Contrary to initial speculations, recent research suggests that Machu Picchu was not a conventional city, but rather a royal estate for the Incan emperor, Pachacuti, constructed around 1450. The absence of any military structures implies that it was not a fortress, but a tranquil retreat for Incan nobility, a place where they could connect with the divine elements of their cosmology. [4]
Bingham and his team conducted several expeditions to Machu Picchu in the following years, carrying out excavations and mapping the site. His work led to the recovery of numerous artifacts, including ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human skeletons. These discoveries not only enriched our understanding of Incan culture and history but also brought to light the advanced state of Incan civilization at the time. [5]
The publication of Bingham's book, "The Lost City of the Incas," in 1948, fueled global interest in this magnificent discovery. It propelled Machu Picchu to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, recognized for its unique cultural and natural significance. The site also earned the title of one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007, a testament to its global appreciation and appeal. [6]
However, the influx of tourists following its discovery has led to concerns about preservation. Machu Picchu, being constructed with intricate masonry that didn't use mortar, is susceptible to damage from foot traffic, landslides, and seismic activity. As such, efforts have been made to balance the need for tourism – a significant source of income for Peru – and the necessity of preserving this historical marvel for future generations. [7]
The discovery of Machu Picchu by Hiram Bingham serves as a captivating chapter in the annals of archeological history. It not only added a new dimension to our understanding of the Incan Empire but also offered a rare glimpse into the past, one that is both haunting and fascinating. As we mark another year since this incredible find, we pay tribute to Bingham's unwavering curiosity and the enduring allure of Machu Picchu – a testament to human ingenuity and a symbol of an ancient civilization's grandeur.
Sources:
1. Burger, Richard L., and Lucy C. Salazar. "Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas." Yale University Press, 2004.2. Bingham, Hiram. "Lost City of the Incas: The Story of Machu Picchu and its Builders." Phoenix Press, 2003.
3. Reinhard, Johan. "The Ghosts of Machu Picchu." National Geographic, Feb 1913.
4. Ziegler, Gary. "Machu Picchu: The Story Behind the Scenery." KC Publications, 2012.
5. Hemming, John. "The Conquest of the Incas." Harcourt, 1970.
6. UNESCO. "Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu." UNESCO World Heritage Centre, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/274/
7. Lane, Kris. "Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel." American Society of Civil Engineers Press, 2000.